新课标单词
underground n. 地铁 commonly adv. 一般地，通常地
distinction n. 声誉，名声，区别，差别 distant adj. 远的，遥远的
historic adj. 有历史意义的，历史上著名的 vehicle n. 车辆，交通工具
transport vt. & n. 运输，运送，输送，搬运
shuttle n. 短程往返运行的公共汽车（或火车等）；梭，梭子；航天飞机
beneath prep. & adv. 在……之下 comparatively adv. 比较而言，相对地
narrow adj. 窄的，狭窄的；狭隘的 middle n. 中间，中部
advanced adj. 高级的，先进的 accelerate vt. 加速，促进 pace n. 步伐，速度
inconvenient adj. 不方便的，不便利的 separately adv. 分别地，单独地，各自地
acquisition n. (尤指通过努力)取得，获得；学到
expansion n. 扩充，扩展，扩大，发展 connection n. 连接；连接物；联系；关系
function vi. 起作用；工作，活动，运转 anniversary n. 周年纪念；周年纪念日
effectively adv. 有效地 permit vt. & vi. 允许，准许，许可 n. 许可证；执照；通行证
sightseeing n. 观光，游览 discount n. 折扣，打折 official n. 官员
horrible adj. 可怕的，恐怖的；极其讨厌的，让人非常难受的，特别糟糕的
increase n. 增加，增长 cycle vi. 骑自行车
aim vi. 目的是，打算；瞄准，对准 vt.将……瞄准，将……指向 n.目标，目的
confuse vt. 使糊涂，使困惑；使混乱；混淆 tire vt. 使厌倦，使厌烦；使疲劳
annoy vt. 使恼怒，使生气，使烦恼；打搅，干扰，骚扰
undertake vt. 承担，担任；着手做，开始进行，从事
sacrifice vt. 牺牲，奉献 beyond prep. 在先之外，超出
modest adj. 适度的，适中的，不过分的；谦虚的，谦让的
postpone vt. 推迟，延迟，使延期 speed vt. & vi. 加速 timetable n. 时间表
departure n. 离开，启程，出发 repair n. 修理，修补
punctual adj. 准时的，准点的；守时的 reliable adj. 可靠的，可信赖的
arise vi. 发生，产生，形成；起立，起身；起床；起义
extreme adj. 极端的，极度的 cause n. 原因，起因；事业
pedestrian n. 行人，步行者 lorry n. 卡车 signal vi. 发信号
surrounding adj. 周围的；环绕的 n. 周围环境
impatient adj. 不耐烦的，没耐心的，急不可耐的
aggressive adj. 好斗的，侵略性的，咄咄逼人的
fine vt. 罚……的款，处……以罚金 n. 罚金，罚款
concentration n. 专心，专注；集中 irresponsible adj. 不负责任的
irresponsible adj. 不负责任的 assumption n. 假定，臆想
overload vt. 使超载，使过载 unsteady adj. 不稳定的，摇摆的，摇晃
invitation n. 诱因；邀请；请帖 incorrectly adv. 不正确地，错误地
orderly adj. 有秩序的，秩序井然的，有条理的
课文出现短语
1. pick up 2. cause damage to 3. beneath the surface 4. far from
5. in use 6. why not do 7. go sightseeing 8. in the hope of
9. speed up 10. under repair 11. protect sb from danger
12. pay attention to 13. risk your life 14. avoid causing accidents
15. a couple of 16. drop off 17. choke off traffic 18. link up
19. set up 20. function as 21. permit sb to do 22. at a discount
23. make better use of 24. wash away 25. arise from 26. be aimed at
27. lead to crashes 28. watch out for 29. in need of 30. be up to sb
31. as it is known 32. lead to 33. accelerate the pace 34. be responsible for
35. in honor for 36. a place of interest 37. be made up of
38. make up for 39. cause deaths and injuries 40. traffic jam
41. be aware of 42. be fined for 43. be likely to 44. in good condition
一．单词应用
根据单词的首字母或汉语意思填写正确单词，注意形式变化。
1. Up to now, many people have agreed that t____________ is an important part of our lives.
2. In the 19th century, s___________ trains helped people travel all over the world.
3. In the past, many old men don’t believe buses can carry people o_____________ long distance.
4. If you go to Britain, you will see the sign at the station, “welcome to the London u____________”.
5. Most trains went to the distant b___________ of the city in the northern part of the country.
6. Cars on the road can c_______off traffic, so some experts don’t agree car’s mass production.
7. The first tunnels were just b______________ the surface of the ground.
8. Sometimes, traveling on these lines was very i______________. So you had better go by car.
9. Many caves in the mountains f____________ as bomb shelters during war times.
10. Some experts in this field think this helps make the system more u______________.
11.It is reported that the train lines were placed under the ___________（权力机构） of the Board.
12.It was interesting to know about the London ______________（地铁） developed.
13.The city has good air ____________（连接） with most large cities on the Chinese mainland.
14.The storms ______ (冲走) away soil along the road last night, which made children frightened
15.The deaths __________（发生，形成） from those accidents has increased in the past ten years.
16.We must all be __（意识到） of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.
17.You are ___________（违反） the law and risking your own life as well as the lives of others.
18.It is _________（由…决定） to all of us road users to make sure that we must avoid accident.
19.Many ____（骑车的人）do not pay attention to the cars around them. so it can lead to accidents.
20.We must pay attention to road __________（安全）. Only in this way can we keep us safe.
二.词型转换
1、comparative adj.--- ______(n.)2、effectively adv. --- ______(n.)
3、patient adj.--- ______(n.) ______(反) 4、concentration n.--- ________(v.)
5、steady adj.--- _________(adv.)6invite v.--- _______(n.)_______(adj.)
7、aware adj.--- ________(n.)_______(反) 8.expect.v.---_______(adj.)_______(n.)
9、permit v.--- _______(n.允许)10、fortune n.--- ________(adj.)
11. connect (vt.) _________(n. ) 12. responsible (adj.) ________ (opp.)
13. rely (vi.)__________ (adj.) 14.distant (adj.) ____________ (n.)
15. expansion (n.)_________ (vt.) 16. convenient (adj.) _________ (n.)
17. separate (adj./vt) ___________ (adv.)
三．句型结构
基本句型
1. It has the distinction of being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world.
2. Most trains into London only went to the distant boundary of the city because building railway tracks into the city would have caused damage to many historic buildings.
3. Passengers were transported in carriages without windows, which were pulled through the comparatively narrow tunnels by steam engines.
4. Having seen the situation, a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system by buying many of the different lines and setting up the Underground Group.
5. All the different bus and train lines were placed under the authority of the Board.
6. The London underground system is working to transport millions of people effectively as it has done for many years.
7. This notice is aimed at increasing people’s awareness of the problem because it has become quite extreme.
8. Drivers have to take the responsibility to watch out for people crossing the road, especially older people who may walk slowly and young children who may not look before stepping into the road.
9. Many cyclists do not pay attention to the cars that surround them and often ride too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop.
10. This lack of control is an invitation to accidents.
11. Some cyclists make the assumption that traffic laws do not apply to them.
四．句型拓展
1. However, most trains into London only went to the distant boundary of the city because building railway tracks into the city would have caused damage to many historic buildings. (P50) 但是大部分通往伦敦的火车只到伦敦城的远郊，因为在市区内修建铁路会损坏许多古建筑。
Distant adj. a distant country
She could hear the distant sound of fireworks exploding.
in the distant past/future
At some point in the distant future I would like to have my own house.
quite soon: They plan to have children in the not-too-distant future.
Distance n. [C or U]
He travels quite a distance (= a long way) to work every day.
Does she live within walking distance of her parents?
高考链接
The faces of four famous American presidents on Mount Rushmore can be seen from a _____ of 60 miles.（2004全国）
A. length B. distance C. way D. space
答案：B
Historic adj. historic buildings a historic day/moment
In a historic vote, the Church of England decided to allow women to become priests.
Historical adj. connected with the study or representation of things from the past:
She specializes in historical novels set in eighteenth-century England.
historically adv.
The film makes no attempt to be historically accurate.
Historically (= Over a long period in the past), there have always been close links between France and Scotland.
2. Unfortunately, the increased number of vehicles on the road choked off traffic, and the road became so busy that no one could travel anywhere. (P50) 不幸的是马路上增加的车辆把道路堵得水泄不通，交通变得如此拥挤以致于每个人都寸步难行。
Choke n. [C] v. 窒息；堵塞；阻塞
The child swallowed a pen and chocked to death.
The roads to the coast were choked with traffic.
引申：chock back 忍住，抑制
chock up 因激动等说不出话来
自我检测
During the rush hours the roads are usually _____ up with traffic.
A. chocked B. crowded C. blocked D checked
答案： A
3. The first tunnels were opened in 1863 and were just beneath the surface of the ground. (P50) 首批地铁隧道于1863年开通，他们紧靠地面。
Beneath prep. 低于，在……之下
比较：1) under prep.
In AD 79 the city of Pompei was buried under a layer of ash seven meters deep.
2) below adv., prep.
From the top of the skyscraper the cars below us looked like insects.
They have three children below the age of (= younger than) four.
4. Sixteen years later, in 1884, the Metropolitan Railway Company and the Metropolitan District railway linked up and provided the underground service in the middle of the city. (P50) 16年后，于1884年大都会铁路公司于大都会区铁路公司取得联系共同为城市中部提供地铁服务。
Link v. [T]
The use of CFCs has been linked to the depletion of the ozone layer.
n. [C] Their links with Britain are still strong.
link up They linked up two areas by telephone.
用法拓展: be connected with 与……相接，和……有联系
5. These new ways of digging accelerated the pace of the London Underground’s development. (P50) 这些新的隧道开挖方法加快了伦敦地铁的发展脚步。
Accelerate v. [I] I accelerated to overtake the bus.
Compare: decelerate
v. [I] The car decelerated at the sight of the police car.
accelerated adj. 加速的 acceleration n. 加速度
自我检测
A driver ______ his car when he makes it go faster or increased its speed.
A. modifies B. duplicates C. accelerates D stimulates
答案：C
Pace n. [U]: a slow/fast pace
When she thought she heard someone following her, she quickened her pace.
These changes seem to me to be happening at too fast a pace.
引申：keep pace with 与……并驾齐驱 at a … pace 以……的速度
自我检测
Many people complain of rapid ______ of modern life.
A. rate B. speed C. pace D. growth
答案：C
6. Traveling on these lines was inconvenient, though, as each line was separately owned and many were very far from each other. (P50) 然而搭乘这些线路很不方便，因为每条线都分别各归其主而且许多线路之间相距甚远。
Inconvenient adj. an inconvenient time/place
It will be very inconvenient for me to have no car.
inconvenience n. [C or U]
Having to wait for ten minutes was a minor inconvenience.
7．After his acquisition of the lines, each one was given a name and most of the names are still used today. (P51) 收购后他给每条线起了名字，很多名字至今还在使用。
Acquire v. [T] I was wearing a newly/recently acquired jacket.
During this period he acquired a reputation for being a womanizer.
acquisition n. [C or U]
I like your earrings - are they a recent acquisition (= did you get them recently)?
8. The last line added was the Jubilee Line in 1977 in honor of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth’s crowning. (P51)
Honor a quality that combines respect, pride and honesty:
a man of honour We fought for the honour of our country
n. [C] She received an honour for her services to the community.
He was buried with full military honours (= with a special celebration to show respect).
in honour of sb./sth. in order to celebrate or show great respect for someone or sth.:
高考链接
My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was ______ it. (2006陕西)
A. in favor of B. in memory of C. in honour of D. in search of
答案：A
9. Visit our ticket office and buy one of the travel cards that permit you to travel all over the underground system. (P51)
permit (-tt-) v. [T] The regulations do not permit much flexibility.
[+ ing form of verb] The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month.
As it was such a special occasion, she permitted herself a small glass of champagne.
10. This includes dates or years in the order of the development. (P51)
order n. [U] in order of 以……的顺序
The children lined up in order of age/height.
Put the files in alphabetical/chronological order.
高考链接
You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of ______. (2006广东)
A. date B. shape C. order D. balance
答案：B
11. The brochure you have just read refers to the development of the London Underground that started in 1854. (P51)
refer to phrasal verb: 1) He always refers to the house as his "refuge".
2) If writing or information refers to someone or sth., it relates to that person or thing:
The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors.
12. I bought a ticket at a discount and rode the underground three times. (P53)
Discount n. [C] They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies.
v. [T] You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back.
at a discount 打折
自我检测
They sell the sweater _______ a discount of 30 percent.
A. on B. for C. at D. with
答案：C
五．完成句子
1. 两家机构为了帮助贫穷儿童联合举办了一场慈善活动。）
The two organizations ______ _____ to hold a charity event for the poor children.
2. 这些新的挖掘方法加快了伦敦地铁的发展步伐。（accelerate the pace of）
These new ways of digging ___ ___ ___ ___the London underground’s development.
3. 一般说来，人们喜欢买各种各样的减价商品。（discount）
_________ _____ , people like to buy all kinds of things _____ ____ ________.
4. 因缺乏交流而引发的家庭问题越来越多。（arise from）
There are more and more family problems ______ ______ ______ _____ ______communication
5. 由于不知道坐哪路车，她向我们求助。（not knowing）
Not knowing which bus to take, she ______ ________ ______ _________ _________.
六．语法应用
非谓语动词 v-ing形式作定语
1. 单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题
2. 作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
3. 某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing形式，必须用定语从句。
① 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
② v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语，不作定语。
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
v-ed形式作定语
1. 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示： 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2. 带有修饰语或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定语，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。
A woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge.
一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。
v-ing 和v-ed形式作定语的区别
1．及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。
The group called Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
2．不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而v-ed形式表示动作已完成。
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳the risen sun 升起了的太阳
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子fallen leaves 落叶
不及物动词－ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped逃犯
a retired worker = a worker who has retired退休工人
a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived 新来的客人
As adverbs
v-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，其动作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 　　
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
(= After we have made full preparations...)
2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill...)
3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 　　
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.)
4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons...
5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 　　
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this...
6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 　　
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
v-ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。
1 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
(= After he was completely examined...)
有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
2 动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
3 动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.　
(= If she was compared with other professors...)
4 动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。
Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart.
5 动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded …)
七．翻译句子
1.当我第一次从事这个工程的时候，我发现这个信息令人困惑，因我不知道如何组织他。
2.对于你推迟拜访，我感到非常的失望，但是我还是希望早点见到你。
3.因为陷入交通问题，他上班迟到了。
4.每种方法都 被试过了，但是不起作用。
5.在法国出差的时候，他学会了法语。
6.风暴冲走了道路两旁的土壤，而且道路的一部分正在维修中。
7.在过去的几年中，道路事故的数量和由事故所导致的死亡数字快速增长。
8.我们必须意识到交通事故潜在的原因和采取行动取预防它。
9.当心不要陷入泥浆中。
10.医生被控告违反专业伦理。
参考答案
一．单词应用
1. transport 2. steam 3. over 4. underground 5. boundary 6. choke
7. beneath 8. inconvenient 9. functioned 10. user-friendly. 11. authority
12．Underground 13．connection 14．washed 15．arising 16．aware
17．violating 18．up 19．cyclists 20．Safety
二．词形转换
1. comparison 2. effect 3. patience; impatient 4. concentrate 5. steadily
6. invitation; inviting 7. awareness; unaware 8. expected; expectation
9. permission 10. fortunate 11.connection 12. irresponsible 13.reliable
14.distance 15.expand 16.convenience 17.separately
五．完成句子
1. linked up 2. accelerated the pace of 3. Generally speaking; at a discount
4. arising from the lack of 5. turned to us for help
五．翻译句子
1. When I first undertook the project, I found the information confusing because I didn’t know how to organize it
2. I am disappointed that you are postponing your visit next week, but I expect I will see you soon.
3. Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work
4. Every means has been tired out, but it doesn’t work.
5. He picked up some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris.
6. The storms washed away soil along the road and part of the road is still under repair.
7. The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased greatly over the past year.
8. We must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.
9. Be careful not to step in the mud.

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