为了精确翻译“户口”,我们先来了解它准确的中文含义。《现代汉语词典》第六版明确说明,“户口”与“户籍”同义,指“公安部门以户为单位登记本地区内居民的册子,转指作为本地区居民的身份”。换句话说,“户口”可以是具体的概念,指户口簿(也叫户口本);也可以是抽象的概念,指某地居民的合法居住身份。刚才《现代汉语词典》对“户口”的描述有四个关键词——“以户为单位”、“登记”、“册子”以及“身份”。“以户为单位”可用household表示,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(《朗文当代英语词典》)对household的解释是all the people who live together in one house,也即“同住一个屋檐下的所有人”,与“以户为单位”对应;“登记”可作名词译为registration;“册子”可译为booklet,Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition(《柯林斯高级英语学习词典第5版》)是这样解释booklet的:A booklet is a small book that has a paper cover and that gives you information about something,也即“承载某种信息的有封面的小书”,这跟户口簿的外形与功能相符。
因此,户口若指户口簿,可译为household registration booklet,有些地方也译作household registration permit,这里的permit是“许可证”的意思,以下文字就用到了permit这一词:One of China's oldest tools of population control, the hukou is essentially a household registration permit, akin to an internal passport【站】。我们经常说到的“户口簿原件/户口簿复印件”就是the original of a household registration booklet/a copy of a household registration booklet(请注意冠词the与a的使用)。
户口指若某地居民的合法居住身份,简单说成household registration即可,“身份”没有必要翻译出来,以下文字可验证这一点:The problem with this is we have here a household registration system, the “hukou” system【站】。其中household registration system对应“hukou” system,同时将system拿掉,不难看出这里的household registration就是“户口”之意。“有农村户口/有城镇户口/有北京户口”可译作hold a rural household registration/hold an urban household registration/hold a Beijing household registration,这里的registration当作可数名词处理,如:She is the first to go to university in her family and held a rural household registration until her parents moved to a small town when migration controls began to be relaxed【)官方网站】。
稍作总结,“户口”可译为household registration booklet/permit(强调户口簿)或household registration(强调居民的合法居住身份)。
若将“户口”看作是一种中国特有的体制,则可将“户口”的汉语拼音hukou加上,以此来体现中国特色。BBC(英国广播公司)官方网站、CNN(美国有线电视新闻网)官方网站,以及《华盛顿邮报》官方网站都曾将“户口”的这一含义译作the hukou system of household registration,这里的system为“体制”或“制度”之意,如:One of the greatest issues for China's 250 million migrant workers is the "hukou" system of household registration【)官方网站】。
顺便说一下,经常与“户口”这一概念一起出现的,是“户口所在地”,填表的时候通常会用到。其实,既然“户口”是household registration,与其“舍近求远”,不如“简单粗暴”,将“户口所在地”译作place of household registration,这样反倒言简意赅,因为我们有place of birth(出生地)一说。
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