英语书面表达中多种句式的运用
在书面表达中,不同的思想内容要用不同的句式来表达;而同一思想内容也可以用不同的句式来表达。句式不同,表达效果也就不同。只有使用多种句式,文章才会生动有趣。如果过多地用简单句,就会使人感到单调乏味。恰当地使用某些方法或手段,有助于表达形式的多样化,可以增强表达效果。下面介绍几种常用的方法。
一 . 句子开头多样化。许多同学习惯用表示人的名词或代词作为句子的主语开头,如 people ,we ,I ,he ,they ,she 等。但这些词作为句子开头,用得多了,难免显得单调。为了使文章更加生动活泼,除了用主语开头外,还可以用句子的其他成分开头。
1. 用状语开头。从词性上看,作状语的可以是副词(短语),介词短语,分词短语或动词不定式短语。
A. 用副词(短语)开头: Too often, he stays up reading until midnight.
B. 用介词短语开头: To me the news was very interesting, but to my wife very boring.
C. 用分词短语开头:
Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades, Manchester took flight for the Pacific islands.
D. 用不定式短语开头: To pass the exam,you should work very hard.
2. 用同位语开头: Air, water and food, everything is necessary for life.
3. 用表语开头: Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language is intense interest plus persistent effort.
4. 用宾语开头: My advice you would not listen to; my help you laughed at. Now you will have what you asked for.
二 . 巧用连接词。有的学生在写作中过多地使用 so,and ,then, but , or , however ,yet 等并列连词,这样做,可能会使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象,我们应该灵活地运用从属连接词,如 who ,which ,that , because ,since ,although , after ,as ,before ,when , whenever , if ,unless ,as if 等。这样做不仅可以使句式多样化,而且还能够把思想表达得更加清楚,句子的意思更加连贯。例如:
Natural resources are very limited. They will be exhausted in the near future. It is not true. But it becomes a major concern around the world. This is a widely accepted fact.
这段文字由简单句组成,它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清,意义支离破碎。如果使用连接词,将前后单句合并,形成主次关系,就能把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得比较清楚,而且使结构也更加严谨。如上句段文字可以改写成:
It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future, though it is unlikely to be true.
再如:
The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world, and in springtime it often overflows its banks, and the lives of many people are endangered.
此句用 and 把三个分句一贯到底,显得乏味。如果把句子合并成复合句,语义就会更加连贯,语言也会更加流畅:
The Mississippi River,which is one of the longest rivers in the world, often overflows its banks in springtime, endangering the lives of many people.
三 . 长短句结合使用。长句和短句有各自的优点和缺点。长句,因为使用的定语、状语较多,限制了概念的外延,增加了概念的内涵,所以比较精确、严密,但用起来不够活泼简便。短句,由于词数少,直截了当,一般比较简洁、明快、有力,但不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在实际写作中,最好长短句结合使用。例如:
( 1 ) We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. ( 2 ) There are many trees along the streets. ( 3 ) There is a clean river in the city. ( 4 ) There are many fish in the river. ( 5 ) There are willow trees on one side. ( 6 ) There are some pieces of grassland on the other side. ( 7 ) There are many flowers on them.
文中 7 个句子都是简单句,句子结构单一,而且句子长短大体相同,十分单调。下面是修改后的段落:
( 1 ) Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener. ( 2 ) Green trees line the streets. ( 3 ) A clean river, in which fish are abound, winds through the city. ( 4 ) On one side stand rows of willow trees. ( 5 ) On the other side lies a stretch of grass with many yellow and red flowers.
改写后的这段文字,有长句( 1 )、( 3 )、( 5 ),也有短句( 2 )和( 4 ),文章中不仅长短句结合,而且句式也有变化,这样使文章流畅自然,生动活泼。
总之,英语句式的变化是多种多样的,只要从要表达的内容出发,合理选用各种句式,就能写出很好的文章。
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