冠词
一、考纲要求
结合名词的分类情况,理解冠词表泛指、特指、类指、专指之间的区别;掌握有关冠词的习语及固定句型。
二、命题导向
冠词规则的灵活运用是命题的一个热点,几乎每年题的单项选择或完形填空都有涉及冠词的题目,不定冠词和定冠词的一些特殊用法,习惯用法及不用冠词的情况是重点考查的点。
三、要点
1.不定冠词的基本用法:
(1)表示数量“一”,相当于“one”。I’ll return in a day or two。
(2)表示“同一”,相当于“the same”。The children are of an age。
(3)表示泛指或类指,指人或事物的某一个、某一类。如:
He wants to he a doctor./ A horse is a useful animal。
(4)用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前,表示“每一”。如:
We have meals three times a day。(我们一天吃三餐。)
(5)用于专有名词前表示类似的一个或某一个,相当于“a certain”。如:
A Mr. Smith is asking to see you. (一位李先生要见你。)
(6)与某些物质名词或抽象名词连用,表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵……”如: a surprise一件令人惊讶的事;a success一个(件)的人(事);a green tea一种绿茶;a heavy rain一场(阵)大雨
(7)用在某些固定词组中。如:
①have a swim/walk/talk/dance/look =swim/walk/talk/dance/look
②have a cold, have a good time, keep a diary, in a hurry, once in a while, at a loss, for a while, once upon a time, all of a sudden, tell a lie, do sb. a favour, at a distance, have a good knowledge of, as a matter of fact
2.定冠词的基本用法:
(1)表示上文提到过的人或事物。如:I have bought a book. The book is very useful。
(2)用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如:Close the window, please。
(3)用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
(4)用于表示方位的名词之前。如:in the east, on the right。
(5)用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如:the first, the tallest。
(6)用于形容词之前,使其名词化,表示一类人。如:the sick, the wounded。
(7)用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如:the United States, the United Nation。
(8) 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如:the Changjiang River, the East Lake。
(9)用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如:The Smiths。
(10)用于作为课程或演奏等的西洋乐器名词前。如:play the piano; play the violin。
(11)用于表示单位的名词前。如:by the day(month)按日(月),by the yard(foot)按码(英尺)
(12)用于年代、朝代、时代名词前。如:in the 1970s, the Tang Dynasty。
(13) 用于某些固定词组中。如:in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time。
3.不用冠词的情况:
(1)不含普通名词的专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。如:China , America, Smith。
(2)可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。如:
I like this picture; Einstein’s theory proved to be correct。
(3)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。如:
March, May Day, National Day, Children’s Day, Women’s Day,have supper
(4)呼语前不用冠词。如:What shall I do next, Mother?
(5)表示独一无二的头衔职务、职务名词作表语、同位语或补足语时,一般不加冠词。如:We elected him president of our university。
(6)学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。如:
Do you study physics?
He likes playing football/chess。
(7)复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。如:
They are peasants/ workers。
(8)在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。如:
by car, by bus, by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land
(9)连系动词turn后的表语单数可数名词前不用冠词。如:
The young worker has turned writer。
(10)no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后面的名词前不用冠词。如:
No such thing has ever happened in this village。
(11)as, though引导的倒装的让步状语从句中的表语(单数可数名词名词)置于句首时不用冠词。如:child as he is, he knows a lot。
(12)某些固定词组中不用冠词。如:husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork, young and old, arm in arm, hand in hand, side by side, go to school, leave school, in prison, to(at, from, at work, on foot, from door to door, from morning till night, year after year, step by step
四、注意事项
1. 在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。
go to school 去上学 in hospital 住院(因病)
go to the school 去学校 in the hospital在医院(、参观等)
in front of在前面,指某物体之外 in charge负责,主管
in the front of在前部,指某物之内 in the charge由……负责
out of question没问题
out of the question不可能
2.冠词的活用情况
(1)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the;但如果名词前有修饰语,来表示“怎样的”时也可用不定冠词。如:
the world, a peaceful world; the moon, a bright moon。
(2)表示一日三餐的名词前一般不用冠词,但前面如果有定于修饰,也可用不定冠词。如:I had a wonderful supper yesterday。
(3)表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词,但如果该名词作为普通名词,也可用不定冠词。如:This is a piano and it is the king of musical instruments。
(4)形容词最高级前、序数词前也可用不定冠词。
①形容词最高级前加不定冠词表示“十分、非常”之意,相当于very。如:
It is a most useful book。
②序数词second、third等前加不定冠词表示“又一,再一”之意,相当于another。如:Can you give me a second chance, please?
(5)表示语言的前一般不用冠词,但后面如果出现language一词,前面需加定冠词the。如:English=the English language
(6)牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词。它们是information, fun, weather, progress, advice,news,space,word(=news),furniture,equipment等,均不可与不定冠词连用。
3.冠词的类指用法
(1)定冠词 + 单数可数名词,指的是这个类别,这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的。如:The compass was invented in China, but the computer was not。
(2)不定冠词 + 单数可数名词,侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点。如:
A tiger is a type of very large fierce wild cat that has yellow fur with black bands across。
注意:man, woman表示泛指时,不用冠词,且常用单数。如:
Man tries to be the protector of woman。
(3)可数名词复数或不可数名词,侧重于指类别中的许多个体。如:
Children usually start walking at around one year old。
4.冠词的位置问题
(1)不定冠词 + 副词 + 形容词 + 名词。如:
This is a very interesting story。
(2)such、what、both、all、quite、rather +不定冠词+形容词+名词。如:
I’ve never seen such a film!
Half a pound of pork, please!
What a good idea it is!
(3)as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。如:
I can’t finish the task in so short a time。
He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear。
(4)half、twice、three times、all、both、double + the + 名词。如:
He paid twice the price for it。
Their house is three times the size of yours。
五、精典名题导解
1. (2008湖南) Have you heard ______ news?The piece of _______ petrol is going up again!
A. the, the B. 不填,the C. the, 不填 D. 不填,不填
考点解析:第一空格为特指,the news即指汽油价格又上涨这件事。第二空格petrol为抽象名词,故其前不用冠词。故选C。
2. (2008江苏)We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent。
A. the; the B。不填;the C. the; 不填 D. 不填;不填
考点解析:第一空by sea指乘船,故其前不用冠词。第二空根据句意可知,此处continent为特指,指驱车穿过的那个大陆,故用定冠词the。故选B。
3. (2008江西卷)—I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting。
—It is not your fault. With _ _ rush-hour traffic and _ _ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late。
A. a; a B. the; the C. /; / D. /; a
考点解析:两空中traffic和rain均为抽象名词,故不定冠词先可排除。再根据题意可知,均为特指,指当时的交通高峰拥堵和下大雨使他开会迟到,故均用定冠词the。故答案为B。
4. (2008山东) Students should be encouraged to use ________ Internet as________ resource。
A. /; a B. 不填; the C. the; the D. the; a
考点解析:Internet 为专有名词,其前常用the。句意为:应鼓励使用因特网作为一种资源。resource 前应用a,表示“一种资源”,为泛指。故答案为D。
5. (2008四川) In the United States, there is always ____ flow of people to areas of ______ country where more jobs can be found。
A. a; the B. the; a C. the; the D. a; a
考点解析:第一空为泛指,a flow of people表示“人流”。第二空由于country 后面有定语从句where more jobs can be found。修饰限定,同时根据意思应为特指,故用定冠词the。故答案为A。
6. (北京市朝阳区2009年2月统一) _______ person like him won’t be simply satisfied with _________ progress that has been made。
A. The; a B. The; / C. A; / D. A; the
考点解析:第一空表示“像他这样的一个人”,应为泛指,故用不定冠词a。第二空progress后面有定语从句that has been made。修饰限定,应为特指,故用定冠词the。故答案为D。
7. (2009年北京市宣武区高三第一次质量检测)—Could you tell me ________ way to Taylor Clinic?
—Sorry, but I’m afraid there is not _________ Taylor Clinic nearby。
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; the D. the; a
考点解析:第一空特指去Taylor Clinic的路,故应用定冠词the。第二空根据句意 “恐怕这附近没有Taylor Clinic这个地方”可知应为泛指,故用不定冠词a。故答案为D。
8. (上海市2009年高三年级十四校联考)—I hear that the Australian bushfire that happened in the north of Melbourne killed at least 181 people and destroyed many buildings。
—Yes. _______ news came as _________ shock to me。
A. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. a; a
考点解析:根据句意可知,第一空应为特指,此处news指上文提到的事件即the Australian bushfire…,故用定冠词the。而第二空shock表示一件令人震惊的事,故为泛指,应用不定冠词a。故答案为B。
简单句、并列句和复合句
一。考纲要求
考试大纲要求考生能正确判断句子的类型、分析句子结构、结合语境和句意选择适当的连接词语、判断主语和从句的正确语序、恰当选择主句和从句谓语动词的时态。
二。命题导向
高考对简单句、并列句和复合句的考查主要包括:句子的结构、连词的选择、从句与主句的谓语动词的时态、主语和从句的语序、一些习惯用语和特殊的句式应用。
三。复习要点
1.简单句、并列句和复合句
① 句子种类两种分类法
按照句子的用途,的句子可分:陈述句(肯定、否定)、疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意)、祈使句、感叹句等四种。
按照句子的结构可分:简单句并列句和复合句三种。
简单句只有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语。并列句由并列连词and, but, or,so等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:状语从句\名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)和定语从句等三种。
② 并列句的分类
并列句指把两个同等重要的句子连接在一起,句子之间常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等并列连词连接。
表示选择关系常用的连词有:or, either…or…, otherwise等
表示转折关系常用的连词有:but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
表示因果关系常用的连词有:so, for, therefore等。
2.状语从句:
(1)状语从句的分类
状语从句通常修饰主句的动词或整个句子,由从属连词引导,从属连词在从句中不充当句子成分。根据状语从句所表达的不同意义和功能,可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式等状语从句。
(2)连接状语从句的词语
时间状语从句:when, whenever每当……,after, before, as, as soon as, hardly/ scarcely...when..., no sooner...than.。.一……就……,while, till, until, since, once。名词词组the first time第一次,last time最后一次,every/each time每次,the next time下次,the next day第二天, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 一……就……;副词immediately, instantly, directly等也可作连词使用。
原因状语从句:because, since, as, now that。
地点状语从句:where,wherever(无论那里)。
让步状语从句: no matter who/whom/what/which/how/when/where, though, although, as, even if /even though, whatever, whoever, however, wherever, whenever等。
条件状语从句: if, unless, as/so long as(如果;只要),in case (万一); on condition that(如果), suppose, supposing, providing, provide。
目的状语从句:in order that (为了),so that (以便)。
比较状语从句:(not) as/so…as…,than…, the more…the more…(越……越……) 引导。
方式状语从句:as(正如;按照),as if/as though (好像)引导。
结果状语从句: so that (结果是), so/such…that (如此……以至于)。
(3)从句中的语序
复合句中通常采用陈述语序。但是,在下面的几种情况下,状语从句多采用倒装语序:
①当连词as, though连接让步状语从句时,作表语的名词、形容词、动词通常置于句首,构成部分倒装语序。例如:
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John。
Try as she might, Carol couldn't get the door open。
Strange though it may seem, I like housework。
②在so/such...that.。.结果状语从句中,so+形容词/副词或such+名词置于句首时,主句采用部分倒装语序。例如:
So successful was her business that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.
Such was the force of the explosion that windows were blown out。
③在hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than.。.句式中,把hardly/scarcely/no sooner置于句首时,第一个分句采用部分倒装语序,即把第二个分句用陈述语序。例如:
Scarcely had he sat down when there was a knock at the door。
④ however与形容词、副词一起引导让步状语从句,句子采用陈述语序。例如:
However amusing the story is, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week。
⑤ 在the +比较级the+比较级句式中,只是把形容词或副词置于句首,句子仍然采用陈述语序。例如:Education is about learning and the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are。
(4)从句和主句中谓语动词的时态
在复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词时态一般遵循以下的规律:
①表示“同时”意义的连词as, when, as soon as, the moment, while 等连接的时间状语从句,主句和从句时态基本一致。例如:As time passed, things seemed to get worse。
② 表示“将来”意义的条件、时间和让步状语从句中多用一般现在时,而主句用一般将来时,被称为“主将从现”。例如:Tom won’t go to sleep unless his mother tells him a story。
Once I get him a job, he’ll be fine。
③ since引导的时间状语从句多用一般过去时,而含有since从句的主句通常用现在完成时。例如:I haven’t met her since I left university。
④在句式hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…中,第一个分句中过去完成时,第二个分句用一般过去时。例如:She had hardly sat down when the phone rang。
⑤ 在as if/though 引导的状语从句中,如果表示一种与事实相反夸张,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。例如:She stared at me as though I were a complete stranger。
(5)状语从句的省略
当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,被动结构的状语从句,可省略与主句相同的主语和助动词,保留连词+过去分词;主动结构的状语从句,可省略与主句相同的主语和助动词,保留连词+现在分词。例如:We all know that, if not carefully dealt with, the situation will get worse。
Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university。
(6)状语从句被用于强调结构中
状语从句作为被强调部分用于强调结构时,一律用It is/was …that…,不能用when代替that。句子用陈述语序。注意:当强调Not until +时间/时间状语时,主句的谓语动词不再采用倒装语序。例如:It was not until the war was over that the soldier was able to return home。
3. 名词性从句
(1)名词性从句分类:
按照在句中的功能,名词性从句分为:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。
(2) 名词性从句的连接词
名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:that无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可被省略;表示“是否”用whether,只有在宾语从句中,whether可被人if代替。Whether和if在从句中不担任成分。如果从句缺少主语、表语、宾语、或定语等句子成分,用连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which;如果从句缺少状语,用连接副词when, where, how, why。
由于连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问语序。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,而连接词whether 和if(是否),在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。
(3) 名词性从句中的特殊时态
① 在以下三种主语从句中,主语从句的谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”, should可省略。
(1)It is+形容词+that…句型。常见的形容词有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprising, astonishing(令人惊讶的)等。
(2) It is +名词+that…句型。常见的名词有pity, shame, advice, suggestion, proposal(提议,建议), requirement, request, desire, order等。
(3) It is+动词的过去分词+ that…句型。常见的动词有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等。
②在insist(坚持), urge (催促), order(命令), command(命令), suggest(建议),advise(建议),recommend(建议,推荐), request(请求,要求), demand(要求),require(要求,需要)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”, should可省略。
③ 在含有advice, order, demand, proposal(提议), requirement, suggestion等名词的表语从句、同位语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。
④在一些表示惊讶、意志等感情色彩的名词性从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或“should +have done”,译为“竟然,居然”。例如:
I am surprised /shocked that you should speak in such a way。
I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to his mum。
It is strange /surprising that she should not have been invited。
I am glad that your story should have won the first prize。
4. 定语从句
(1)定语从句的分类
定语从句分为限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰和限制作用,而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充和解释说明作用。通常限制性定语从句与先行词之间没有逗号,而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。
(2)定语从句的关系代词和关系副词
定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导。关系代词有:who, whom, whose, which, that, as;关系副词有:when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句的先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
(3)关系代词和关系副词的用法:
①当先行词为人时用who 作主语,whom作宾语;②当先行词为物或整个句子时用which,可作主语或宾语;③先行词为人、物时用that ,可作主语或宾语;④ whose用作定语,可指人或物;⑤ 关系副词when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;⑥where(指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语);why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
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